Name: The secret signals elephants use to communicate - Chase LaDue and Bruce A. Schulte
Uploaded: 2021-03-15T18:25:03.000Z
Duration: 5 min 10 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

a snake-shaped tube stretches into the air and scans the horizon like a periscope.

But it's not seeing—  it's sniffing for odors

like the scent of a watering hole  or the musk of a dangerous predator.

The trunk's owner  is a young African elephant.

At only 8 years old, she still has  a lot to learn about her home.

Elephants are extremely social creatures,

with females living in tight-knit herds  led by a single matriarch.

And every member of the group  has one of the most versatile tools

Elephants have more genes devoted  to smell than any other creature,

making them the best sniffers in the animal kingdom.

Even at our elephant's young age, her trunk is already 1.5 meters long

and contains five times as many  olfactory receptors as a human nose,

allowing her to smell standing water several kilometers away.

And now, the matriarch uses her own keen sense of smell to plot the herd's course.

Their journey is long, so our elephant keeps her energy up

by snacking on the occasional patch  of thick grass.

But this light lunch  isn't just about staying fed—

vents in the roof of an elephant's mouth  lead directly to the vomeronasal organ.

This structure can detect chemical signals left by other elephants.

So as the herd forages,  they're also gathering information

about what other herds have come this way.

All the while, the group's adults are  on the lookout for signs of other animals,

Fortunately, while lions might attack a young or sickly elephant,

few are foolish enough to take  on a healthy adult.

Weighing 3 tons and bearing powerful tusks nearly a meter long,

our elephant's mother is a force to be reckoned with.

Her dexterous trunk doubles  as a powerful, flexible arm.

Containing no bones and an estimated 40,000 muscles,

these agile appendages  can bend, twist, contract, and expand.

At 8 years old, our elephant's trunk is already strong enough

while finger-like extensions allow for  delicate maneuvers like wiping her eye.

break it to just the right length, and wave off pesky insects.

Suddenly, the matriarch stops their march and sniffs the air.

Using smell alone, elephants can recognize each member of their herd,

and their exceptional memories can  retain the smells of elephants

It's one of these old but familiar odors that's caught the matriarch's attention.

sending out a sound wave  that rings across the savannah.

But it travels even further through the earth as infrasonic rumbles.

Elephants up to 10 kilometers away can receive these rumbles with their feet.

If the matriarch's nose is right, her herd should expect a response.

Smelling the secretions  from her daughter's temporal glands,

our elephant's mother can sense  her daughter's unease

As the herd of unknown elephants approaches,

trunks from both herds rise into the air, sounding trumpets of alarm.

But upon recognition, apprehension  quickly gives way to happy rumbles.

Members from each herd recognize each other despite time apart,

and many investigate each other's mouths with their trunks

to smell what their counterparts  have been eating.

With the reunion now in full swing, both herds head toward their final destination:

Here, older elephants suck up to 8 liters  of water into their trunks

before spraying the contents  on themselves to cool off.

Meanwhile, our young elephant plays  in the mud with her peers,

digging into the muck  and even using her trunk as a snorkel

The pair of matriarchs look  contentedly on their herds,

before turning their trunks  to the horizon once more.

Subtitles ListPlay Video

The secret signals elephants use to communicate - Chase LaDue and Bruce A. Schulte

recognize

grab

delicate

journey