who, every time you say anything,

每當你說些什麼

they're like "Actually, technically, tomatoes aren't vegetables!"

就會說「事實上，技術上來說，蕃茄不是蔬菜！」的人

And... I just.. before we do this episode,

且...我只是...在我們開始做這集之前

I just want to encourage you not to be that person

我只是想要鼓勵你不要成為那樣的人

But, knowing the real classifications of the stuff that we eat

但是，知道我們所吃的東西的真正分類

can tell you a lot about where fruits and vegetables

可以讓你知道更多食物跟蔬菜到底來自哪裡

come from and how they're developed.

以及他們是怎麼生長的

So it's pretty interesting

所以還蠻有趣的

just don't use it to be an insufferable pedant.

但不要把這些知識用於當一位惹人厭的嘴砲王

For example, officially speaking,

例如，依照正式的分類

Anything that is a root, stem or leaf of a plant

任何植物的根莖葉部分

qualifies as a vegetable.

都被認定是蔬菜

meaning that some things that you might ordinarily

也就是說，有些你一般認為

consider a fruit, is actually a vegetable.

是水果的東西，其實是蔬菜

Rhubarb, for instance, we think of a

大黃，例如，我們覺得是一種

kind of like a fruity thing because

像是水果般的東西，因為

it's in pie and it tastes so sweet

在派裡面且嚐起來很甜

but it's the stalk of a plant, so its a vegetable.

但他是植物的莖，所以他是蔬菜

Vegetable pie...who thought of that?

蔬菜派...誰會想到這個啊？

Corn, zucchini, and green beans, on the other hand

另一方面，玉米、密生西葫蘆（夏季的一種南瓜）和綠豆

all fruit, so are tomatoes.

都是水果，番茄也是

That's because these foods are not

因為這些食物不是

roots, stems, or leaves.

根、莖或葉子

They're ovaries.

他們是果實（子房）

Hopefully that doesn't make you feel too weird.

希望這不會讓你覺得太奇怪

So yeah, fruits are the ovaries of a flowering plant

好吧！水果是開花植物的果實（子房）

that develop after its seeds are fertilized

是種子受精後開始生長而成的

or, sometimes, after they've been triggered to

或者，有時候，他們被觸發而

develop without fertilization.

未受精就生長了

From the plant's perspective, surrounding its seeds

就植物來說，在其種子周圍

with something soft and juicy and delicious

有一些軟軟、多汁跟美味的（部分）

increases the chances that those seeds will get eaten

會增加種子被吃的機會

and then spread around in nice fertile

然後被散播在肥沃（營養）的

piles of poo.

大便堆旁。

So broccoli and cauliflower are not fruit

所以花椰菜不是水果

even though they are flower buds because they're unopened

即便他們是花蕊，但因為他們還沒開花

the flower hasn't transformed.

花還沒有變化

True fruits come in lots of different types

真的水果有很多種形態

and some of them make for excellent anatomy lessons

其中有些有利於作為超棒的解剖學課程

One key factor for botanists in categorizing fruits is

對植物學家來說，在分類水果時有一個關鍵因素是

is how many ovaries the flower had.

這朵花有多少個子房

So berries by definition are fruits that come from

所以根據定義，漿果是

from a single ovary with multiple seeds.

來自一個有很多種子的子房的水果

That makes grapes, bananas, peppers and tomatoes

這讓葡萄、香蕉、胡椒跟番茄

all different types of berries.

都被定義為莓果，只是型態不同

So hold onto your shorts because raspberries

所以抓好你的褲子，因為覆盆子

and blackberries are something totally different

跟黑莓是完全不一樣的東西

They're called aggregate fruits

他們被稱作聚合果

a whole bunch of little fruits grouped together.

一堆小水果聚集在一起

And strawberries aren't berries either

且草莓也不是漿果類的

in fact, the tasty red part of the strawberry isn't

事實上，草莓的紅色可食用部分甚至不是

even a fruit. Its a special kind of plant structure

一種水果。它是一種植物的特殊結構

called a fleshy receptacle.

叫做肉體花托

You actually have to look much closer at the receptacle

事實上，你必須更靠近一點去看花托

to see the fruit, which are called achenes.

才能看到真正的水果，也被稱為瘦果

They're dry, one-seeded fruits that speckle

瘦果是乾燥，只含有一顆種子的水果

the red surface of the strawberry

並散布在草莓的紅色表面

Sunflowers produce another achene that you probably

向日葵製造另一種瘦果，你可能

know as sunflower seeds.

認識並稱它為向日葵種子（葵瓜子）。

Nuts are fruits too and their shells are coats

堅果也是水果，且他們硬殼

developed from the ovary wall.

是從子房壁發展而來的

That includes things like chestnuts and hazelnuts

這個種類就包含像是栗子跟榛果

But technically, walnuts and pecans are not nuts,

但技術上來說，胡桃跟山胡桃不是堅果類

along with other single ovary fruits like peaches and

連同其他單子房水果，像是桃子跟

and plums and coconuts, they're called drupes.

李子跟椰子一樣，他們被稱作是核果

Drupes only have one seed with a distinct skin,

核果只有一個有著獨特外皮的種子

covering a fleshy middle layer.

覆蓋在多肉的中層

In a drupe, the inner layer is often called stone-like,

在核果中，最內層通成被稱作為如石頭一般

and if you've ever accidentally chomped on a peach pit,

如果你曾經不小心咬了桃子的內核

you understand why.

你會知道為什麼

Now if you want to get super fancy with your botanical terminology

現在，如果你想要用你的植物學術語來耍花樣

raspberries and blackberries are specifically

樹莓跟黑莓在類別上特別是

aggregate drupes, and each small section is called a druplet.

聚集核果，每一小部分稱作小核果

But many fruits are more than just a ripened flower ovary.

但很多水果都不只是個成熟的花子房

Take pome fruits, for instance, like apples and pears.

例如梨果類，就像蘋果跟梨子

Pome fruits are known as accessory fruits because

梨果類水果被視作是假果，因為

there's so much more going on in them than a simple ovary

他們不只是區區的一個子房

The ovary makes up only the core of the fruit.

子房僅能夠長成果核

The flesh of the fruit is actually modified

果肉其實是變形的

flower petals and sepals, the flower parts that cover a bud

花瓣和萼片，即是覆蓋花蕾的構造

and even the knobby receptacle at the base of the flower.

甚至是花朵底部多節的花托也會長成果肉

And when you eat hesperidium fruits

且當你吃柑橘果類水果時

you're also getting a mouthful of the unexpected

你其實是滿口的未知

This category includes fruits with tough rinds

這分類包括了據有粗糙外皮

and little partitions, like lemons and grapefruits

和一瓣瓣果肉的水果，像是檸檬跟葡萄柚

and oranges. Turns out that those small packed together

以及橘子。那些聚集起來，小小滿是

juicy bits in each section, called juice sacs

多汁的果粒被叫做果汁袋

were once tiny hair like cells on the inside of the ovary,

原來，這些果汁袋曾經是在子房內像毛髮般的微小細胞

but they filled bursting with goodness as the fruit ripened.

但隨著果實成熟，他們充滿了精華

So the next time you drink a pulpy glass of OJ

所以下次你在喝一杯多果肉的橘子汁時（Orange Juice）

enjoy your mouthful of fruit hair.

好好享受滿嘴的果肉毛髮吧

Thank you for watching this SciShow Dose

謝謝觀看這集的 SciShow Dose

which was brought to you by our patrons on Patreon

由 Patreon 上的贊助者贊助播出

who allow us to explore the weird majesty of

讓我們能夠探索這壯麗的

fruit science. If you want to get behind the scenes

水果科學。如果你想要得到幕後的

pictures or blooper reels or other cool stuff

照片、NG片段或是其他酷東西

and support us, you can go to Patreon.com/scishow

並支持我們，你可以去Patreon.com/scishow 這個網頁

and if you wanna keep getting smarter with us

如果你想要繼續跟著我們變得更聰明一些

you can always, please, go to youtube.com/scishow.

請到youtube.com/scishow就可以了