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  • Hey there, I’m Mike Rugnetta and this is Crashcourse Mythology and today were going

    哈囉!我是麥克‧如格內塔。 歡迎收看《神話速成班》。

  • to start looking at pantheons.

    今天我們要來討論「眾神」。

  • Pantheons are families of gods, and those families are complicated.

    「眾神」指的是神的家族。 這些家族非常非常複雜。

  • Really complicated.

    是真的很複雜。

  • A whole tangle of grandparents and parents and uncles and aunts and nieces and nephews

    一整堆阿公阿嬷、老爸老媽、伯父叔叔、 阿姨嬸嬸、姪兒外甥...

  • and a couple of children of mortal women who were raped and a pretty staggering amount

    還有強姦凡人女人所生的小孩...等等。

  • of violence and incest to just round everything off.

    一打堆狗屁倒灶亂倫通姦...簡直罄竹難書。

  • They have amazing feasts, but honestly, can you imagine Thanksgiving with these people?

    他們的宴席很豐富, 但你能想像跟他們吃年夜飯的場景嗎?

  • I mean Thoth, you had a mistress and a wife and you somehow gave birth to yourself.

    好比說圖特,你是怎麼跟老婆小三劈腿 然後把自己給生出來的?

  • How is that not awkward?

    會不會太尷尬了一點?

  • INTRO

    〈速成班主題曲〉

  • The pantheons we are going to examine are

    《神話速成班》

  • families of deities from cultures that are usually considered polytheistic, meaning that

    我們要來討論的眾神, 都是從多神教的文化裡的神族。

  • they worshipped more than one god.

    也就是說,他們不只崇拜獨一無二的神。

  • In most mythological traditions, the gods are seen as immortal, and according to David

    大部分的神話傳說中, 神都有不死之身。

  • Leeming, “they are personified projections of the human mythmaker’s dreams of overcoming

    根據大衛‧李明的說法: 「神話作者夢想著克服現實中

  • the inevitable effects of the physical laws that require death and disintegration.”

    無法避免的死亡與物質崩解。 於是將他們的夢化生為人形,成了眾神。」

  • Yeah.

    好吧...

  • We went dark pretty quick.

    我們很快的就黑化了。

  • In creation stories and other myths, gods represent the creative force that brings and

    在創世神話與其他神話中, 眾神代表著維持生命的創造之力。

  • sustains life.

    許多神話中,眾神是 「諸多自然力與人性的化身。」

  • In many myths, gods arepersonifications of aspects of nature and of human naturethe

    指的是太陽、北風、焦急、愛情等。

  • sun, the winds, impatience, love.”

    大衛‧李明認為眾神能幫助解釋世界 形成的來由與原因,

  • Pantheons, David Leeming argues, help us to explain how and why the world we know came

    也能揭開許多文化的面紗。

  • into being, and can tell us a lot about a culture.

    李明認為:「眾神的概念都有其存在的意義和目的性。

  • Leeming writes: “All pantheons are ontological and teleological;

    他們是人類用來解答自身存在、 以及終極原因的寓言。

  • that is they are metaphors for the human attempt to make sense of existence itself and to assign

    解讀『眾神』就是在解讀一個文化對於自身的認識, 以及其對宇宙現象的理解。」

  • ultimate cause.

    但是「眾神」解釋的了裸鼴鼠的意義嗎?

  • Toread” a pantheon is to read a culture’s sense of itself and of the nature of the cosmos.”

    讓我們繼續看下去。

  • But can pantheons explain the naked mole rat?

    如果你以為我會從希臘眾神開始的話,哈哈...

  • Let’s find out together.

    騙你的!

  • If you thought that I was going to start with the Greeks, ha!

    圖特!來個 High Five!

  • Gotcha!

    但是我們也不會從埃及眾神開始。

  • High five Thoth.

    歹勢。

  • But were not starting with Egypt either.

    我們會先從有文字紀錄以來 最古老的眾神:

  • Sorry.

    美索不達米亞的 古蘇美神話眾神。

  • Were going to start with one of the oldest pantheons we have records for, the family

    蘇美眾神代表著對於古代美索不達米亞人 最重要的自然力量。

  • of Gods from ancient Sumer in Mesopotamia.

    蘇美眾神的神真的很多, 所以打起精神仔細聽。

  • Sumer’s pantheon represents the most important natural forces in the lives of Ancient Mesopotamians,

    盡量每位神的職責, 並且注意哪些自然力沒有神來代表。

  • and there are a lot of deities here, so strap in.

    好了,放馬過來吧!

  • Try to pay attention to everyone’s responsibilities, and note what kinds of things don’t have

    第一對「神仙眷屬」是 「大地女神」姬與「天神」安。

  • gods.

    安與姬結為夫婦, 再加上「初始之水女神」娜姆。

  • All right.

    安和娜姆的孩子有「機巧之神」恩奇、 和恩奇的姊妹,「蘆葦女神」寧奇古嘉。

  • Here we go.

    安和姬的則生了「大氣女神」寧利爾 和「風神」恩利爾。

  • The first pair of deities are the earth goddess, Ki, and the sky god, called An.

    寧利爾和恩利爾結婚生了「月神」南那。

  • An mates with Ki, AND Nammu, goddess of primal waters.

    恩奇和寧奇古嘉結婚生了「月亮女神」寧嘉爾。

  • An and Nammu’s children are Enki, the trickster god, and his sister, Ningikuga the goddess

    寧嘉爾和南那結婚生了三個孩子:

  • of the reeds.

    「太陽神」烏圖、

  • An and Ki, the more significant duo, begat Ninlil, the air goddess, and Enlil the air

    「天地大女神」伊南娜、

  • god.

    和「幽冥女神」厄里斯奇格。

  • Ninlil and Enlil give birth to Nanna, the Moon God.

    厄里斯奇格的「丈夫」是 「天牛」古嘉爾拉那。

  • Enki and his sister Ningikuga create Ningal, the Moon Goddess.

    伊南娜嫁給了「牧神」杜穆茲。

  • Ningal and Nanna then have three children.

    杜穆茲是「機巧之神」恩奇與 「羊神」西爾圖爾的兒子。

  • Utu, the sun god, Inanna, theGreat Goddess of Heaven and Earth”, and Ereshkigal, the

    值得注意的是: 牧神是由羊神所生的。

  • Queen of the Underworld.

    以上就是蘇美的基礎神系。 但這能告訴我們什麼呢?

  • Ereshkigal’s “husbandis Gugalanna, the Bull of Heaven.

    首先,這樣的神系告訴我們 美索不達米亞人的神話更注重於

  • And Inanna marries the Shepherd Dumuzi.

    天地這樣的自然現象, 人類的行為和情緒(如:愛情)則在其次。

  • Dumuzi, it turns out, was the son of Enki, the trickster god, and his consort, the sheep

    原始的美索不達米亞眾神中, 只有「機巧之神」恩奇

  • goddess Sirtur.

    和伊南娜(同時也是愛神)兩位 才有人性方面的職權。

  • It may be worth nothing that yes: a sheep goddess DID give birth to a shepherd.

    還有...羊?

  • So that is the basic pantheon of Sumer, but what does all this tell us about Mesopotamia?

    平時我們提到「新月沃土」時,都會想到農業。 (譯按:新月沃土為兩河流域與尼羅河流域一帶。)

  • First it suggests that, at least in terms of their myths, natural phenomena--like the

    但是蘇美眾神裡有羊神和牛神,而不是豐收之神, 可能表示蘇美人早期趨向於畜牧文化。

  • earth and sky--take precedence over human actions and emotions--like love.

    或是說這裡的牛神是象徵性的。 不僅代表男性,也有可能象徵耕作。

  • I mean, only two of the original Mesopotamian gods, Enki the trickster and Inanna, also

    這就是神話──尤其是眾神── 最有意思的地方。

  • the goddess of love, are described as ruling over aspects of human nature.

    你可以從很多方面去解讀它。

  • And the sheep?

    圖特,我不是在講聖書體。 (譯按:聖書體沒有書寫順序規則, 只要不影響意義,愛怎麼寫就怎麼寫。)

  • Well, we tend to think agriculture when we talk about the Fertile Crescent, but the fact

    不過,我們可以藉此把鏡頭轉向 下一個很複雜的神系:埃及眾神。

  • that their pantheon features Sheep and a Bull rather than a harvest deity might recall an

    事先聲明:比起一般的複雜神系,

  • earlier life as herders.

    埃及的神系還要更加的錯綜複雜。

  • Or perhaps the Bull is symbolic not only of masculinity but also of farming.

    毫不意外,一樣有很多的亂倫情形。

  • This is the fun part of pantheons specifically and mythology generally; you can read them

    首先,埃及眾神沒有一個標準的版本。

  • in many ways.

    埃及神話變化萬千,取決於是誰、

  • No, Thoth that’s not a joke about hieroglyphics.

    在何地、

  • But, it does get us to our next, significantly more complex family of gods, the Egyptian

    在何時所寫的。

  • pantheon.

    舉例來說,伊西斯與歐西里斯的神話 最完整的版本甚至不是埃及人寫的。

  • Right off the bat I’m going to say that the Egyptian pantheon is even more confusing

    這個版本是由希臘歷史學者普魯塔克 在公元一世紀至二世紀左右完成的。

  • than your average confusing pantheon.

    此時的埃及早就成了希臘的領土, 又被羅馬帝國所佔領了。

  • But surprise, surprise, it’s also just as incestuous.

    在普魯塔克版本的神話中, 他給埃及神祇都取了希臘名字。

  • First off: There is no standard version of the Egyptian pantheon.

    舉例來說,圖特成了赫耳墨斯。

  • the myth changes depending upon who is writing it.

    但他還是有說你發明了飛鏢。OK?

  • And where.

    既使在埃及本土,你所在的城市也會 有各自不同版本的神系。

  • And when.

    我們主要會專注於赫里奧波里斯城 所崇拜的神系。

  • For example, in the story of Isis and Osiris, our most complete source isn’t even Egyptian,

    這個版本的神系 以亞圖姆或拉為主神。

  • it’s the Greek biographer Plutarch, who wrote in the first and second centuries CE,

    不過在底比斯的版本中,主神是阿蒙。

  • well after Egypt had become Hellenized, and then Romanized.

    我們也不能忘了阿肯那頓(古埃及第十八王朝法老) 曾經想把宗教改成一神教。

  • In his version of the Isis and Osiris myths, he gives Egyptian gods Greek names.

    那是個經典的課題。

  • For example, he refers to Thoth as Hermes, he does still give you credit for inventing

    麻煩還沒完,很多的埃及神話資料,

  • darts, though, so.

    在數千年下來,失散的七零八落。

  • There are also different versions of the pantheon depending on where you are in Egypt.

    所以,為了避繁就簡, 我們只討論埃及宗教核心的九柱神系。

  • For the most part well be sticking with the group of gods worshipped at the city of

    只可惜,這個神系就沒有包含圖特了。

  • Heliopolis and headed by Atum or Ra, but well give a nod to the fact that in Thebes the

    抱歉了,兄弟。

  • pantheon was led by Amun.

    恩尼亞德(Ennead),即九柱神,是公元前2700年 赫里奧波里斯城裡所崇拜的神系。

  • And we can’t forget the attempted monotheism of Akhenaton.

    九柱神神話被記載在《金字塔之書》裡。 《金字塔之書》可能是現存最古老的宗教典籍。

  • That was classic.

    在神系的最頂端是亞圖姆。

  • But just to make this even trickier, a lot of the Egyptian sources we have for myths

    看你在埃及的那個城市, 祂又被稱為瑞、拉、凱布利、阿蒙、阿蒙‧拉...。

  • are fragmentary and spread out over thousands of years.

    這就是為什麼我們要避繁就簡的原因。

  • So, for simplicity, were going to settle on the Nine-God pantheon that forms the core

    亞圖姆是諸天之目,和創造之源。

  • of Egyptian religious belief, and itdoesn’t include Thoth.

    他就是我們在埃及創世神話裡讀到的

  • Sorry, buddy.

    吐出了「空氣之神」舒、 與「法則之神」泰芙努特

  • Anyway, the Ennead, or Nine Gods, was in place in Heliopolis by 2700 BCE and is the one found

    這對孿生兄妹結婚之後, 生下了蓋布和努特。

  • in the Pyramid Texts, which might be the oldest surviving set of religious texts in the world.

    蓋布是「生命之神」 而努特是埃及的「母神」。

  • At the top of this pantheon is Atum, aka Re aka Ra, aka Khepri aka Amun or sometimes Amun-Ra,

    這兩位神被父親舒強行分開。蓋布成了「大地之神」, 而努特成了「蒼天與星辰女神」。

  • depending on where in Egypt you are.

    這點正好與其他神話中「天父地母」相反。

  • This is why were simplifying!

    上行下效,這對兄妹也成了 神系中其他神祇的父母。

  • Atum is the great eye of the heavens and of creation.

    他們的孩子中,伊西斯與歐西里斯 可能是最著名的埃及神祇。

  • He was the spitter in our Egyptian creation story.

    知名度僅次於鷹頭神拉。

  • So Atum’s creative cough creates Shu, the life spirit, and Tefnut, the world order or

    歐西里斯是「冥神、農業豐饒之神」。 有點像是哈得斯和狄蜜特的合體。

  • cosmos.

    可能是最受歡迎的埃及神祇。 誰不喜歡食物和死亡呢?

  • This brother and sister pair mate, and give birth to Geb and Nut.

    他死後又復活。 復活這檔事在神話裡十分常見。

  • Geb is the spirit of life and Nut is an Egyptian Great Mother goddess.

    這點應該不意外吧?

  • The two are separated by their father, Shu, and Geb becomes Earth while Nut becomes the

    伊西斯是「大地和月亮女神」,嫁給了歐西里斯。

  • sky and the stars, which is a neat reversal of the whole earth mother sky father thing.

    伊西斯的神秘教派甚至跨越古埃及,進入了羅馬時代。

  • Like their parents, brother and sister Geb and Nut become the mother and father of the

    如果你不知道什麼是「神秘教派」的話, 這就是「神秘教派」的重點。

  • rest of the gods in this pantheon.

    蓋布和努特的次子(第三個孩子)是賽特。

  • Their children, Osiris and Isis are probably the best known Egyptian gods, other than hawk-headed

    賽特是「混亂與黑暗之神」, 他是伊西斯與歐西里斯的宿敵。

  • Ra.

    他與妹妹奈芙蒂斯結婚。 奈芙蒂斯是很班配的「死者與昏暗女神」。

  • Osiris, god of the underworld and grain, kind of like a Demeter/Hades combo, was probably

    如果你們要永遠在一起的話, 最好是有共同興趣。

  • the most popular of the Egyptian gods-because who doesn’t like food and death?

    九柱神的最後一位是年輕的荷魯斯。

  • He dies and is revived, which happens more than you’d expect, in myth.

    (不要跟〈戰鎚〉系列裡的荷魯斯搞混。)

  • Actually, maybe just as much as you’d expect in myth.

    奇妙的是,歐西里斯死後,伊西斯才懷上荷魯斯。

  • Isis is a goddess of the earth and the moon, and is married to Osiris.

    同時,荷魯斯也有一些太陽神的屬性。

  • The mystery cult of Isis was popular well beyond Egypt, into Roman times.

    他是驅散賽特黑暗的那道光芒。

  • And if youre not sure what a mystery cult, guess what, that’s the point.

    最重要的事,荷魯斯的形象是一位隼頭人身的神祇。 (不是鷹頭人身,也不是䴉首人身)

  • The second son and third child from the Geb-Nut pairing is Seth.

    他也是法老王的守護神。

  • Seth is a god of evil and darkness and is the nemesis of Isis and Osiris.

    我知道你可能想問阿努比斯、芭絲特、塞赫麥特 跑到哪去了?

  • He is married to his sister, Nephthys, a goddess of death and dusk, because you know, if youre

    但記得,我們要避繁就簡, 所以只專注在九柱神神系上。

  • going to be married for all eternity, it’s nice to share interests.

    拿我們可以從這個基礎神系上學到什麼呢?

  • And the final piece of this puzzle is young Horus, not to be confused with old Horus,

    這裡有許多位太陽神: 拉代表著太陽與創造,

  • or the guy from WarHammer.

    荷魯斯代表太陽和王權。

  • He was conceived miraculously by Isis and Osiris after the latter’s death, and he

    所以我們可以推定: 太陽對於埃及人很重要。

  • has aspects of a sun god.

    可能和太陽的不斷的毀滅與重生的輪迴、

  • He’s a light that defeats Seth’s darkness.

    以及提供光和熱有關。

  • Most important though, Horus, who is often depicted with the head of a falcon (not a

    許多人認為古埃及文化著重在死亡。 這一點並沒有錯。

  • hawk, not an ibis) is the spiritual force behind the pharaohs.

    但是埃及人並不像現代社會一樣懼怕死亡。

  • I know youre wondering when were going to talk about Anubis, Bastet, and Sekhmet,

    我覺得從金字塔、木乃伊、乃至於裝著器官的瓶子裡

  • but remember, for the sake of comparative simplicity, were sticking by this nine-god

    這種以死亡為中心的思想,可見一斑。

  • pantheon.

    除此之外,還有本週的焦點神話: 伊西斯與歐西里斯的神話故事。

  • So what conclusions can we draw from the basic pantheon?

    我們把鏡頭交給〈思緒泡泡〉。

  • There are multiple versions of sun gods and with Ra representing both the sun and creation,

    歐西里斯很受埃及人民的愛戴, 他教導他們種植五穀、

  • and Horus representing both the sun and kingship, we can infer that the sun was important to

    頒佈法令、教導他們榮耀眾神。

  • the Egyptians, probably as much for its eternal cycle of death and rebirth as for its providing

    賽特非常嫉妒哥哥的成就。 當歐西里斯四處傳播學問時,

  • life-giving energy.

    他按兵不動。

  • Ancient Egyptian culture is commonly said to focus on death, and that’s not wrong,

    當歐西里斯回來時,賽特與72個共犯就開始籌謀。

  • although death to the Egyptians probably didn’t hold the same terror that it does for many

    籌謀著做...家具。

  • in the modern world.

    他們偷偷地量了歐西里斯的身高、體型。 做了一個完全符合他的華麗櫃子。

  • I think the most distinct example of this necro-centric ideal is the pyramids, and the

    在歐西里斯的洗塵宴上,賽特提議

  • mummified corpses and jars full of organs found within them, but also this week’s

    誰能鑽進櫃子裡,櫃子就送給誰做禮物。

  • featured myth, the story of Isis and Osiris.

    歐西里斯鑽進櫃子裡時,他們就用鉛把櫃子封死。

  • Take it away, Thoughtbubble.

    他們把櫃子丟進河裡,漂浮入海。

  • Osiris was much beloved by the people of Egypt; he showed them how to cultivate grain, gave

    歐西里斯的妻子伊西斯千里尋夫,

  • them laws, and taught them to honor the gods.

    最後在比布魯斯附近的找到了棺材。 一棵巨木長在旁邊,將棺木包裹了起來。

  • His brother, Seth, was envious, but wouldn’t try anything while Osiris was away teaching

    她把巨木砍掉,抱著棺材痛哭。

  • civilization to the world.

    她的哭聲震天,甚至嚇死了國王的小兒子。

  • But when Osiris returned, Seth and seventy-two accomplices had a plan.

    伊西斯去找荷魯斯時, 打獵的賽特也找到了棺材。

  • A plan involving...furniture.

    他把歐西里斯的屍體切成14塊, 四散各地。

  • They had secretly measured Osiris’s body and built a beautiful chest to his exact dimensions.

    伊西斯知道了賽特的所作所為之後, 又四處去尋找丈夫的屍塊。

  • At a party celebrating Osiris’s return, Seth suggested that whoever fit in the chest

    她找到了13塊,但是卻找不到伊耶那岐身上 「多出來的那一塊」(譯按:請看第五集)。

  • would receive it as a gift.

    她每找到一塊,就把屍塊埋在那裡。

  • Osiris gave it a shot, and when he lay down in the box, the conspirators nailed it shut

    這就是為什麼埃及四處都有歐西里斯的墳墓。

  • and sealed it with lead.

    如此賽特就找不到歐西里斯真正的墳墓,

  • They threw it in the river and, it floated out to sea.

    而歐西里斯又可以受全埃及人民的祭拜。

  • Isis, Osiris’s wife, went looking for her husband, and found the chest near the

    這樣就能雙贏...

  • land of Byblos, where a great tree had grown up around it, encasing the coffin in its trunk.

    只是歐西里斯死了...

  • She cut away the wood around the coffin and lay upon it, wailing with such grief and power

    嗎?

  • that the king’s younger sons died of fear.

    謝謝〈思緒泡泡〉。

  • Isis soon left the chest to visit Horus, and Seth found the coffin while boar hunting.

    這只是其中一種版本。 另一個說法是在找到了屍體之後,

  • He cut up Osiris’s body into 14 pieces, and scattered them far and wide.

    伊西斯和妹妹奈芙蒂斯哭聲震天, 感動了天上的太陽神拉。

  • Isis, discovering what Seth had done, set out to search for the pieces.

    拉派了胡狼頭神阿努比斯來幫助兩姊妹。

  • She found thirteen of them, but not what Izanami might have described ashis excess.”

    兩姊妹加上阿努比斯、圖特、荷魯斯 把歐西里斯的屍體拼湊起來完整。

  • She buried the pieces where she found them, which is why there are so many graves for

    再用亞麻布產繞屍體,並舉行喪禮。

  • Osiris in Egypt.

    伊西斯扇了扇她的翅膀, 歐西里斯就復活了。

  • Seth couldn’t find the true grave of Osiris, and Osiris would be worshipped throughout

    從此他成了亡者之王,統領冥界。

  • Egypt.

    這則神話描述了埃及文化的中心思想。

  • Win/Win.

    其中一個就是歐西里斯同時是神,也是國王。 與法老王一樣。

  • Except for, the fact that he was dead.

    另一點,埃及的木乃伊,在埃及人的生命...應該說死亡... 不對...生死中扮演重要的角色。

  • Or WAS HE?

    歐西里斯的木乃伊與復活是 對埃及人死後復活的應許。

  • Thanks, Thoughtbubble.

    根據大衛‧李明,埃及人 「相信人在冥界中能永生,

  • This is one version of the story, but in another version, upon finding the body of Osiris,

    但是亡者的親友必須將他的屍體 按照處理歐西里斯屍體的方法一樣去處理。

  • Isis and her sister Nephthys wept such a loud lamentation that Ra the sun god took pity

    而既然歐西里斯死後又復活了, 其他的人也冀望能復活。」

  • on them and sent down Jackal-headed Anubis to help Isis and Nephthys.

    這則神話同時也展現埃及眾神的職權 是可以變化、或兼任的。

  • The two sisters, with the help of Anubis, Thoth and Horus pieced Osiris back together

    歐西里斯從文明之父成了冥界之王。

  • and wrapped him in linen bandages and performed the funeral rites.

    而冥界之王的位置, 到了晚期埃及神話中又成了阿努比斯在坐。

  • Isis flapped her wings over the body and Osiris revived.

    而賽特──邪惡與混亂之源── 是嫉妒兄長的弟弟,

  • From then on he became the king of the dead, ruling in the underworld.

    也常常會試著──甚至成功 取代他哥哥的位置。

  • So this myth illustrates some central facets

    我們討論眾神時, 常會將眾神用來解釋各種自然現象,

  • of Egyptian culture.

    從而一個蘿蔔一個坑的將每尊神 與日昇日落等等現象做連結。

  • One is the idea of Osiris as king and god, much like the pharaohs.

    但有時候,這些神會抵抗這種角色限制。

  • Another is the role of mummification in Egyptian life., Or death., or well, actually: both.

    伊西斯與歐西里斯的神話故事就像這樣 人們比較著重在哪些故事會影響自身,

  • The binding of Osiris and his revival is a promise to Egyptians of eternal life.

    而不是哪尊神或女神有什麼樣的職務。

  • According to David Leeming, Egyptians, “believed that every man would live eternal in the other

    問問薩迦,北歐的故事女神。 我們很快就能見到她了。

  • world if only his surviving friends did for his body what the gods had done for the body

    但再此之前,謝謝收看。 我們下週見。

  • of Osiris; … as Osiris died and rose again from the dead, so all men hoped to rise like

  • him…”

  • This myth also suggests that in Egypt, the pantheon is somewhat fluid, with gods performing

  • numerous roles.

  • Osiris goes from being the father of civilization to the ruler of the underworld, a role that

  • in later Egyptian mythology will be taken over by Anubis, while Seth is the source of

  • evil and trouble, the jealous younger brother always trying -- and sometimes succeeding

  • to take the place of his older brother.

  • We have a tendency to view pantheons as explanations of natural phenomena that correspond between

  • particular gods and particular aspects of nature, like the sun’s rising and setting.

  • But often the gods resist falling into such restrictive roles.

  • And as myths like Isis and Osiris show, it’s the particular stories that matter to people,

  • as much as if not more than who is the goddess of what and why.

  • Just ask Saga, Norse goddess of storytelling. We're going to meet her really soon.

  • But until then. Thanks for watching. We'll see you next week.

Hey there, I’m Mike Rugnetta and this is Crashcourse Mythology and today were going

哈囉!我是麥克‧如格內塔。 歡迎收看《神話速成班》。

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