Name: The Russian Revolution 1917
Uploaded: 2020-03-15T19:14:17.000Z
Duration: 13 min 42 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

In 1894, Nicholas II became ruler of a Russian empire that stretched from the Baltic to the

Năm 1894, Sa Hoàng Nicholas II làm chủ một đế quốc trải rộng từ biển Baltic

Pacific, inhabited by 126 million people, from 194 ethnic groups.

đến Thái Bình Dương với dân số 126 triệu từ 194 dân tộc toàn Nga

It was a country in which workers and peasants lived in poverty and hardship - while Russia's

Công nhân và nông dân sống trong nghèo khó và bần hàn. Trong khi

elite - its imperial family and aristocracy - lived lives of gilded luxury.

giới quý tộc Nga sống trong cảnh xa hoa tột độ

There was a long history of struggle in Russia against the injustices of the system.

Nước Nga có truyền thống đấu tranh chống bất công từ ngàn xưa.

And in 1905, a revolution forced the Tsar to allow the creation of a state duma, or

Và năm 1905, cuộc cách mạng dân chủ đã buộc Nga Hoàng chia sẻ quyền lực với Duma quốc gia

But its power was limited, and the compromise pleased neither the Tsar nor the reformers.

nhưng quyền lực lúc này của Hạ Viện Nga rất hạn chế và rất khó thỏa hiệp với Sa Hoàng đưa ra quyết định

In 1914, this divided empire was plunged into fresh crisis... by world war.

Năm 1914, một cuộc khủng hoảng mới chộp lấy đế quốc đang bị chia rẽ này

World War One was a disaster for Tsarist Russia.

Đại Chiến Thế Giới thứ nhất là một thảm họa với người Nga theo phe Quân chủ

At the front, the country suffered a series of devastating defeats, while at home there

Trên mặt trận, Nga chịu một loạt thất bại thảm hại, trong khi

kinh tế hỗn loạn và thiếu lương thực trong nước

The Tsar was held responsible for the crisis – after all, he was now the army's commander-in-chief,

Sa Hoàng là người chịu trách nhiệm cho khủng hoảng trong nước và cũng đồng thời là Tổng tư lệnh quân đội

and he was standing in the way of government reform.

Ông đang cản đường cải cách của chính phủ

His German-born wife, Empress Alexandra, was even thought to be supporting Germany; while

Người vợ gốc Đức của ông, hoàng hậu Alexandra, còn bị nghi là gián điệp của Đức

the entire family was said to have fallen under the spell of a Siberian mystic and faith

có tin đồn cho rằng cả hoàng tộc đã bị một nhà thần bí người Serbia nguyền rủa

In December 1916, Rasputin was murdered by Russian aristocrats, possibly with the help

tháng 12/1916, Rasputin đã bị các quý tộc giết hại, cùng với sự trợ giúp

of British secret agents - both groups determined to end his influence over the Tsar.

của các mật vụ Anh- cả hai nhóm đều tuyên bố đã phá vỡ lời nguyền đó đối với Sa Hoàng

But in the eyes of many, the damage had already been done.

Nhưng trong con mắt mọi người, tình hình không thể cứu vãn

On 23rd February 1917, thousands of women took to the streets of the Russian capital,

Ngày 23/2/1917, hàng ngàn phụ nữ Nga chiếm các đường phố thủ đô (St.Petersburg)

Petrograd, to mark International Women's Day and protest over bread shortages.

để kỷ niệm ngày quốc tế phụ nữ và phản đối đòi lương thực (bánh mỳ)

The next day they were joined on the streets by workers and students, carrying placards

Ngày hôm sau, đoàn biểu tình có thêm công nhân và sinh viên với biểu ngữ

Troops, ordered to put down the disorder, mutinied, and joined the protesters instead.

Quân lính gửi đi để giải tán biểu tình, đã nổi loạn và tham gia cùng người dân

Tsarist officials were arrested, prisons and police stations were attacked, emblems of

Các quan chức theo Sa Hoàng bị bắt, đồn cảnh sát và nhà tù bị tấn công,

các biểu tượng của Sa Hoàng bị đập vỡ hoặc đốt cháy

The government had lost control of the capital.

Chính quyền mất kiểm soát thủ đô

The Tsar was told by his ministers that order could only be restored - and Russia saved

Các bộ trưởng đã khuyên Sa Hoàng thoái vị để lập lại trật tự,

from military defeat - if he gave up power.

cứu vãn tình hình quân sự, và cứu nước Nga khỏi tình trạng vô chính phủ

So on 2nd March, Nicholas agreed to abdicate.

Vậy là, ngày 2/3/1917, Sa Hoàng Nicholas đã chấp nhận thoái vị

In just 10 days, 300 years of Romanov rule had come to an end.

Quyền lực 300 năm của dòng họ Romanov lên cõi toàn Nga tiêu vong trong 10 ngày

The February Revolution had been remarkably swift and bloodless, and hopes were now high

Cách mạng tháng 2 diễn ra nhanh chóng và không đổ máu, vực lại niềm tin về một nước Nga dân chủ hơn

for the creation of a more democratic, more just Russian state.

một nước Nga thống nhất trong tương lai

Members of the State Duma, the national assembly, had formed a Provisional Government, which

Thành viên của Duma quốc gia đã thành lập một Chính Phủ Lâm Thời

was to hold power until a Constituent Assembly was elected, to give Russia a new constitution.

để giữ quyền lực trong thời gian bầu ra Hội Đồng Lập Hiến- viết nên bản hiến pháp mới cho Nga

But in reality, the Provisional Government shared power with the Petrograd Soviet, a

Nhưng thực ra, Chính Phủ Lâm Thời đã trao 1 phần quyền lực cho  Petrograd Soviet

council elected by workers and soldiers, that controlled the capital's troops, transport

Hội đồng Petrograd Xô viết được công nhân và binh lính bầu ra để kiểm quân đội, giao thông,

The Petrograd Soviet, dominated by the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the Marxist Menshevik

Tổ chức Petrograd Xô viết gồm các thành viên của Đảng Cách Mạng Xã Hội và Đảng Marxist Menchevik

Party, was much more radical than the Provisional Government... yet it supported the Government's

Petrograd Xô viết còn cấp tiến hơn cả chính phủ lâm thời.... nhưng vẫn ủng hộ

decision to continue the war, and honour the commitments that Russia had made to the Allies.

tiếp tục chiến tranh và tôn trọng các cam kết của Nga với các Đồng Minh

It was a fateful decision, that ultimately played into the hands of one of the smaller

Quyết định Định Mệnh này cuối cùng đã đưa nước Nga và tay...

Their leader, Vladimir Lenin, recently returned from 16 years in exile, bitterly opposed the

Lãnh đạo đảng Bolshevik là Lenin, lúc này đã trở về Nga, sau 16 năm lưu vong

Ông phản đối kịch liệt "cuộc chiến tranh Đế quốc"(WWI)

He also demanded the immediate redistribution of land from rich landowners to peasants;

Lê-Nin cũng yêu cầu ngay lập tức tái phân phối đất từ địa chủ cho dân nghèo;

and the transfer of power from the 'bourgeois' Provisional Government to the people's Soviets,

chuyển giao quyền lực từ chính phủ "tư sản" Lâm Thời cho những người Xô-Viết

or councils, that were springing up across Russia.

hoặc cho các hội đồng nhân dân, hiện đang mọc như nấm khắp nước Nga

The Bolshevik programme was summed up in a simple slogan, 'Bread, Peace and Land'.

Cương lĩnh của đảng Bolshevik được tóm gọn trong khẩu hiệu đơn giản" Bánh mỳ, Hòa Bình và Đất"

And as Russia's economic and military crisis deepened, its appeal to the masses grew and

Với tình hình khủng hoảng kinh tế ngày càng trầm trọng, và thất bại quân sự ngày càng lún sâu,

khẩu hiệu này ngày càng trở nên phổ biến

In June, a new Russian military offensive ended in disaster, with 400,000 Russian casualties,

Tháng 6/1917,  một trận thua thảm bại ngoài mặt trận làm thương vong 400.000 quân Nga

massive desertions, and the collapse of army morale and discipline.

đảo ngũ hàng loạt, quân đội Nga đã mất hết tinh thần và kỷ luật

In July, soldiers and sailors in Petrograd mutinied.

Tháng 7/1917, binh lính cùng thủy thủ tại Petrograd nổi dậy

They were joined in the streets by workers, with Bolshevik support.

biểu tình với sự tham gia của công nhân đảng Bolshevik

But troops loyal to the Provisional Government opened fire on the protestors, and dispersed

Nhưng bị quân lính trung thành với Chính Phủ Lâm Thời xả súng, và giải tán

Cảnh sát sau đó đàn áp thẳng tay, và bắt một loạt lãnh đạo đảng Bolshevik

A police crackdown followed, leading to the arrest of several Bolshevik leaders, including

trong đó có Leon Trotsky, trong lúc đó, Lenin trốn sang Phần Lan nhờ được Stalin giúp đỡ

Leon Trotsky, while Lenin, with the help of Josef Stalin, fled to Finland, travelling

với giấy tờ và tên giả mạo: Konstantin Ivanov..

with forged papers under the name of Konstantin Ivanov...

Một nhà hoạt động xã hội, hùng biện tài ba, Alexander Kerensky trở thành thủ tướng mới của Nga

A socialist, and stirring orator, named Alexander Kerensky, became Russia's new Prime Minister,

và được ca ngợi đã cứu Nga khỏi tình trạng vô chính phủ.

and was hailed as the man who would save Russia from anarchy.

Tổng tư lệnh quân đội, tướng Kornilov cho rằng Nga thất bại ngoài mặt trận

The army's commander-in-chief, General Kornilov, believed Russia's war effort was being undermined

là do hỗn loạn ở trong nước, do sự phá hoại ngầm của những kẻ như Lenin

by chaos at home, and deliberately sabotaged by men like Lenin, whom he declared a German

và ông tuyên bố Lenin là gián điệp của Đức

Vào tháng 8/1917, ông lệnh quân đội hành quân về Petrograd để lập lại trật tự

So in August, he ordered his men to march on Petrograd, to 'restore order'.

những người Bolshevik đã lãnh đạo người dân thành phố chống lại cuộc đảo chính quân sự này.

Bolsheviks played a leading role in the city's defence against this attempted military coup.

Nhà tổ chức tài năng của Bolshevik là Trotsky được thả khỏi nhà tù và

Their most brilliant organiser, Leon Trotsky, was released from prison, and sent armed Bolshevik

đã lệnh cho những đội dân quân tự vệ, Hồng Quân tới phòng thủ tại các chốt quan trong trong thành phố

militias, the 'Red Guards', to defend key points in the city.

Công nhân tàu hỏa được Bolshevik cổ vũ đã phá đường ray, ngăn Quân của Kornikov

Strikes by railway workers, many of them Bolshevik supporters, prevented Kornilov from moving

di chuyển, và binh lính bắt đầu đổi phe hoặc về quê.

his men by rail, and his soldiers began to switch sides, or simply go home.

Vụ việc này khiến vị thế của những người Bolsevik được nâng cao

The Kornilov Affair cast the Bolsheviks as saviours of the revolution.

và cuối tháng 9/1917, họ đã giành được đa số trong Ủy Ban Petrograd Xô viết

And by the end of September, they'd gained a majority in the Petrograd Soviet.

Tháng 10/1917, Lenin quyết định thời cơ đã tới

In October, Lenin decided the time had come.

Ông bí mật trở về Petrograd, chuẩn bị cướp chính quyền

He secretly returned from Finland to Petrograd, and began preparing to seize power.

Ngày 25/10/1917, đảng Bolshrvik quyết định hành động: Hồng quân và binh lính trung thành với Đảng

On 25th October, the Bolsheviks made their move: Red Guards and loyal troops seized key

chiếm các chốt quanh thành phố, đêm đó, họ càn tới trụ sở của Chính Phủ Lâm Thời

points around the capital, and that night they stormed the Provisional Government's

tại cung điện mùa đông--một sự kiện đã được huyền thoại hóa theo tuyên truyền của Bolshevik

headquarters at the Winter Palace – an event later immortalised by Bolshevik propaganda,

và nhà làm phim vĩ đại của điện ảnh Xô-Viết, Sergei Eisenstein.

and the great Soviet filmmaker, Sergei Eisenstein.

Kerensky, trốn thoát vào phút chót khỏi thành phố trong gang tấc. Ngày hôm sau,

Kerensky fled the city at the last moment, narrowly avoiding capture, and the next day,

tại hội nghị Xô viết lần thứ 2 cõi toàn Nga, Lenin tuyên bố lật đổ

at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, Lenin announced the overthrow of the Provisional

Những tháng sau đó, Đảng Bolshevik củng cố quyền lực, đồng thời tiến hành

The following months saw the Bolsheviks consolidate their hold on power, while fighting a brutal

một cuộc nội chiến tàn bạo vào kẻ thù cách mạng, hay còn gọi là người Nga Trắng và những người được hỗ trợ từ nước ngoài

civil war against counter-revolutionary, or 'White Russian', forces, who had foreign support.

Một số người Nga Trắng còn muốn đưa Sa Hoàng trở lại ngai vàng

Some Whites hoped to put Tsar Nicholas back on the throne.

Sau khi thoái vị, Nicholas và gia đình được bảo vệ tại Tsarskoye Selo,

After his abdication, Nicholas and his family had been held under guard at Tsarskoye Selo,

bên ngoài Petrograd nơi họ làm vườn và được giải trí.

outside Petrograd, where they occupied themselves with gardening and other diversions.

Hè năm 1917, gia đình Nicholas được đưa tới Tobolsk, ở Siberia và bị quản thúc tại tại gia

In summer 1917 the family was sent to Tobolsk, in Siberia, where they lived under house arrest

Mùa xuân năm sau, đảng Bolsevik đưa gia đình ông tới Yekaterinburg.

The following spring, the Bolsheviks had the family moved to Yekaterinburg.

Tháng 7/1918, khi người Nga Trắng tới gần thành phố này, lính Bolshevik đã lùa

In July 1918, as White forces approached the city, Bolshevik soldiers gathered the whole

cả nhà ông lên gác mái - Sa Hoàng, hoàng hậu, hoàng tử Alexei cùng 4 công chúa

family in a cellar – the Tsar, his wife, their son Alexei, their 4 daughters, Olga,

Olga, Tatiana, Maria và Anastasia, cũng như 4 người hầu đều bị tàn sát

Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia, as well as 4 servants - and executed them all.

Nội chiến Nga là một trong những sự kiện tàn khốc nhất thế kỷ 20

Russia's civil war was one of the 20th century's most devastating events.

Ước tính có hơn 2 triệu người lính đã thiệt mạng và dịch sốt phát ban, nạn đói

An estimated 2 million soldiers lost their lives, while a typhus epidemic and famine

đã cướp đi sinh mạng của 9 triệu thường dân

claimed the lives of a further 9 million civilians.

Cuối năm 1921, đảng Bolshevik đã hoàn toàn thắng lợi, và với quyết tâm của Lenin

By the end of 1921, the Bolsheviks had emerged victorious, and under Lenin's determined and

và các lãnh đạo kế tiếp, Bolshevik đã tạo nên một trật tự xã hội mới

uncompromising leadership, set about building a new socialist order.

Liên Bang Xô Viết được thành lập năm 1922, đã nổi lên như một siêu cường thế giới

The Soviet Union, created in 1922, emerged as a world superpower following the defeat

sau thất bại của Đức Quốc Xã trong Đệ Nhị Thế Chiến.