Name: What's the smallest thing in the universe? - Jonathan Butterworth
Uploaded: 2018-11-27T02:34:42.000Z
Duration: 5 min 21 s
Description: Thousands of YouTube videos with English-Chinese subtitles! Now you can learn to understand native speakers, expand your vocabulary, and improve your pronunciation...

If you were to take any everyday object,  say a coffee cup, and break it in half,

then in half again, and keep carrying on,  where would you end up?

Or would you find a set of  indivisible building blocks out of which everything is made?

Physicists have found the latter- that  matter is made of fundamental particles, the smallest things in the universe.

Particles interact with each other according to a theory called the “Standard Model”.

The Standard Model is a remarkably  elegant encapsulation

of the strange quantum world of indivisible, infinitely small particles.

It also covers the forces that govern how particles move,

interact, and bind together to give shape to the world around us.

we see molecules, made of atoms bound up together.

A molecule is the smallest unit  of any chemical compound.

An atom is the smallest unit of any  element in the periodic table.

But the atom is not the  smallest unit of matter.

Experiments found that each atom  has a tiny, dense nucleus,

surrounded by a cloud  of even tinier electrons.

one of the fundamental, indivisible  building blocks of the universe.

It was the first Standard Model particle ever discovered.

Electrons are bound to an atom's  nucleus by electromagnetism.

They attract each other by exchanging  particles called photons,

which are quanta of light that carry  the electromagnetic force,

one of the fundamental  forces of the Standard Model.

The nucleus has more secrets to reveal,  as it contains protons and neutrons.

Though once thought to be fundamental  particles on their own, in 1968

physicists found that protons and neutrons are actually made of quarks,

A proton contains two “up” quarks  and one “down” quark.

A neutron contains two down  quarks and one up.

The nucleus is held together by the strong force,

another fundamental force  of the Standard Model.

Just as photons carry the electromagnetic force,

particles called gluons carry the strong force.

Electrons, together with up and down quarks,

seem to be all we need to build atoms  and therefore describe normal matter.

However, high energy experiments reveal  that there are actually six quarks–

down & up, strange & charm, and bottom & top

- and they come in a wide range of masses.

which have heavier siblings called the muon and the tau.

Why are there three (and only three)  different versions of each of these particles?

These heavy particles are only produced,  for very brief moments, in high energy collisions, and are not seen in everyday life.

This is because they decay very  quickly into the lighter particles.

Such decays involve the exchange  of force-carrying particles,

called the W and Z, which – unlike the photon – have mass.

They carry the weak force,  the final force of the Standard Model.

This same force allows protons and  neutrons to transform into each other,

a vital part of the fusion interactions  that drive the Sun.

we needed the high energy collisions provided by particle accelerators.

There's another kind of Standard Model  particle, called neutrinos.

These only interact with other particles through the weak force.

Trillions of neutrinos, many generated by the sun, fly through us every second.

Measurements of weak interactions found that there are different kinds of neutrinos

associated with the electron,  muon, and tau.

All these particles also have  antimatter versions,

which have the opposite charge  but are otherwise identical.

Matter and antimatter particles are  produced in pairs in high-energy collisions,

and they annihilate each other when they meet.

The final particle of the Standard Model is the Higgs boson

– a quantum ripple in the background  energy field of the universe.

Interacting with this field is how all the fundamental matter particles acquire mass, according to the Standard Model.

The ATLAS Experiment on  the Large Hadron Collider is studying the Standard Model in-depth.

By taking precise measurements of the particles and forces that make up the universe,

ATLAS physicists can look for answers to mysteries not explained by the Standard Model.

What is the real relationship between  force carriers and matter particles?

which makes up most of the mass in the  universe but remains unaccounted for?

While the Standard Model provides a beautiful  explanation for the world around us,

there is still a universe's worth of  mysteries left to explore.